The Project Gutenberg eBook of Relação do formidavel, e lastimoso terremoto succedido no Reino de Valença This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Relação do formidavel, e lastimoso terremoto succedido no Reino de Valença Author: Anonymous Release date: December 6, 2006 [eBook #20042] Language: Portuguese Credits: Produced by Rita Farinha and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. The images for this file were generously made available by Biblioteca Nacional Digital (http://bnd.bn.pt) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RELAÇÃO DO FORMIDAVEL, E LASTIMOSO TERREMOTO SUCCEDIDO NO REINO DE VALENÇA *** Produced by Rita Farinha and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. The images for this file were generously made available by Biblioteca Nacional Digital (http://bnd.bn.pt). Relaçaõ do formidavel, e lastimoso Terremoto succedido no Reino de Valença No dia 23 de Março deste presente anno de 1748 pelas 6. horas, e tres quartos da manhã, _E dos horrorosos estragos, e lamentaveis ruinas, que tem padecido a Cidade de Valença, Capital daquelle Reino, e mais Lugares circumvisinhos, conforme as noticias communicadas até o dia 27 do mesmo mez ao Capitaõ General, Arcebispo, e Intendente, e as que successivamente vaõ chegando á Corte de Madrid, de donde se communicaraõ a esta de Lisboa_. LISBOA. Na Officina de Francisco Luiz Ameno Impressor da Congregaçaõ Cameraria da S. Igreja de Lisboa. Anno M. DCC. XLVIII _Com as licenças necessarias_. Hum dos mais espantosos, e formidaveis instrumentos, de que a indignaçaõ divina usa para castigar aos homens, saõ os terremotos. He este fatal Meteóro hum ingrato filho da terra, que devendo a esta a sua origem, e nascimento, tirannamente se lhe conspira, abrindo-a em horrorosas cavernas, e patenteando-lhe os seus profundos interiores: he hum tiranno, inseparavel companheiro da morte, que precipita nas dilatadas sepulturas, que abre, innumeraveis vidas: hum violentissimo instrumento, que iguala os montes à terra, e a terra ao Abysmo; e finalmente he huma invisivel furia, que fórma da terra bocas para tragar os viventes, e darlhes a sepultura primeiro que a morte. Diversas foraõ as opinioens filosoficas sobre a geraçaõ deste fatal Meteóro. Seneca no primeiro livro das suas questoens naturaes, Melezetrio, e Anaximenes com outros antigos Filosofos disseraõ que os terremotos se originavaõ, quando nas concavidades da terra entrando alguma porçaõ grande de ar, que se augmente, succede fecharse a caverna por onde entrou, e porque naõ acha sahida, ficando violento, faz tremor. Thales Milesio, o qual affirmou, que a terra nadava nas aguas subterraneas, disse que o terremoto procedia das tempestades, que se originavaõ nas mesmas aguas. Democrito seguio diversa opiniaõ, porque affirmou, que o terremoto nascia da grande violencia, com que a agua pluvial se despenha para as concavidades da terra. Os Filosofos, que seguiraõ a opiniaõ de ser o mundo animado, ensinaraõ que este horroroso movimento naõ era mais que a desigual pulsaçaõ das arterias, e obturaçaõ dos meatos vitaes da terra. Outros escreveraõ, que nas entranhas da terra cahem pedaços disformes de montes por concavidades, talvez carcomidas das aguas, e que estes fazendo estremecer a superficie, saõ a causa do tremor. Outros se persuadiraõ, que a abundancia das exhalaçoens, e humidos vapores, que se geraõ na terra, quando saõ em tal abundancia, que parece já naõ cabem, buscaõ desafogo; e ou arrebenta, ou treme, ou se move a terra para os lançar fóra do ventre. Outros finalmente seguiraõ diversas opinioens, que por brevidade omittimos; porèm os Filosofos modernos, que com melhores luzes tem penetrado os occultos segredos da natureza, explicaõ melhor a geraçaõ deste Meteóro. Dizem que se origina do fogo subterraneo, o qual comunicandose por occultos caminhos a algumas cavernas cheyas de enxofre, salitre, carvaõ, e sal amoniaco as inflama, de que nasce promptissimamente hum fogo impetuoso, que converte em hum instante as materias salitrosas em vento; e como este naõ possa soffrer prizaõ alguma, busca com violencia a porta, que a natureza lhe negou. Daqui nasce impellir com furia os fundam[~e]tos dos montes, e abrindo brechas pelas partes, que menos lhe resistem, vencer tudo o que se lhe oppoem, até conseguir a natural liberdade, de que se origina o tremor da terra, que em taes casos se sente com tanto perigo de muitos, e horror de todos. Evidentemente se prova esta opiniaõ, com o que se experimenta nas minas, que voaõ pela violencia da polvora. Inflamase esta na occulta parte, que fabricou o Artifice no fundamento de huma torre, e appetecendo pela oppressaõ, que padece mayor lugar, disbarata tudo o que encontra, e fazendo tremer a terra visinha, leva pelos ares os edificios, que lhe embaraçavaõ a liberdade. Toda esta violencia tem a polvora pelo salitre misturado com enxofre, e carvaõ, de que se compoem: logo achandose nas concavidades da terra estes, e outros materiaes mais poderosos, que duvida póde haver, para que encendidos pelo fogo subterraneo hajaõ de fazer estes, e mayores estragos; manifestando deste modo a natureza a sua indignaçaõ, quando se vê privada da sua natural liberdade? Naõ movem os terremotos, como a experiencia nos ensina, todo o globo da terra, mas sim algumas particulares Regioens, o que horrorosamente testificaõ todos os seculos passados. Em o anno de 346. tendo o Imperio Constantino Arriano, padeceo Rhodes hum taõ formidavel terremoto, que quasi se vio toda reduzida a ruinas.[1] S[~e]tio tambem Roma este mesmo tremor por espaço de tres dias, e doze Cidades da Italia de hum só impeto se sumergiraõ. No anno de 364. morrendo o Imperador Constancio Arriano se desfez com hum horrivel terremoto grande parte de Constantinopla:[2] Honorio affirma, que do mesmo tremor se viraõ arruinadas muitas Cidades do Oriente. Vindo Carlos Magno no primeiro anno do seu Imperio à Cidade de Espoleto, houve hum terremoto taõ violento, que cahiraõ por terra innumeraveis edificios, e entre elles o tecto da Basilica de Saõ Paulo juntamente com as traves.[3] Tendo o Imperador Theodosio o dominio do Imperio Romano, se vio em grande consternaçaõ a Cidade de Constantinopla por causa de hum espantoso tremor de terra, que durou quatro mezes continuos.[4] Possuindo o mesmo Imperio Tiberio Cesar, se submergiraõ em huma noite na Asia doze Cidades pela violencia deste Meteóro.[5] No infausto dia de 7 de Setembro de 1590. experimentou Vienna de Austria os crueis effeitos deste inimigo do mundo, abrindo-a em horriveis bocas, e prostrando em terra a torre de Santo Estevaõ, outra fundada na Ponte da Cidade, o Templo da Abbadia Escotense, e outros muitos edificios.[6] He a Italia a parte da Europa mais sujeita ás furias dos terremotos, como saõ testemunhas as muitas reliquias das Cidades arruinadas. Perseguindo os Colonnas ao Papa Bonifacio VIII. levantou-se por muitos dias em Italia hum taõ grande tremor de terra, que excedeo a todos, que vivem nas tradiçoens, e nos escritos.[7] Em o anno de 1456. em que descançava a Tiara Pontificia na cabeça de Callisto III. acommetteo a Italia outro terremoto taõ excessivo, que Napoles, Capua, Apulha, com Toscana, e Veneza eraõ humas continuas ruinas.[8] No anno de 1116. sentio Italia o mesmo mal por espaço de 40. dias com tanta violencia, que mudou huma Villa para outro Lugar pouco distante.[9] No anno de 1117. se subverteo por hum horrendo terremoto a Cidade de Calina em Sicilia, servindo de sepultura a muitas mil pessoas infelices.[10] Muitos exemplos de Cidades submergidas á violencia de terremotos podera narrar, se o discurso, que pede huma breve Relaçaõ o permitisse. Discorrera sobre as ruinas da Cidade de Sisinoe,[11] da Ilha de Peloponeso,[12] da Cidade de Lisimachia,[13] de Antiochia,[14] em cujas ruinas morreraõ 15U homens; de muitas Cidades do Oriente destruidas no quarto anno do Imperio de Constancio; de muitos Lugares, e Villas de Finicia[15]; do tremendissimo terremoto, que padeceo a Syria,[16] em cujo estrago perderaõ miseravelmente a vida muitas mil pessoas, como refere Eutropio; da lastimosa consternaçaõ, em que se viraõ os moradores da Cidade de Liorne do dominio do Graõ Duque de Toscana, no grande tremor que sentio aquella Cidade aos 17 de Janeiro de 1742; e finalmente da grande ruina que experimentou a Cidade de Lima no Reino do Peru, no anno de 1747. a quem hum grande tremor sepultou huma grande parte. Porèm deixo estes, e outros exemplos, que pela sua antiguidade ou saõ desprezados, ou naõ saõ cridos; por que este presente anno nos offerece hum destes estragos taõ lamentavel, que ao mesmo tempo nos faz lembrar, e esquecer os antigos. Este he o que experimentou o Reino de Valença, na sua Capital (_Valença_) e outros povos circumvisinhos no dia 23 de Março deste presente anno de 1748 pelas 6 horas, e 3 quartos da manhã, segundo as noticias communicadas até o dia 27 do mesmo mez ao Capitaõ General, Arcebispo, e Intendente, e as que successivamente vaõ chegando á Corte de Madrid, de donde se communicaraõ a esta de Lisboa. Referem estas, que no mesmo dia, e hora a cima dita tremêraõ todos os edificios daquella Capital por espaço pouco mais de hum minuto. Que a torre grande da Igreja Metropolitana da mesma Cidade chamada o _Micalete_ sem embargo da grande fortaleza da sua fabrica tremeo nove vezes, dando outros tantos golpes o badallo do sino mayor, cuja novidade consternou, e poz em grande perturbaçaõ a todo o povo. Que na antiga Cidade de _Xativa_, chamada hoje _S. Filippe_, que dista nove legoas da Capital, se experimentou igual tremor ao mesmo tempo, e ainda com mayor violencia, porque se arruinou parte do seu antigo Castello, ficou mui abalada, e maltratada a sumptuosa fabrica da sua Igreja Collegiada, em que se trabalhava havia mais de cem annos, ameaçando ruina a mayor parte das casas, e edificios daquelle povo. Que no Convento dos Mercenarios se despegou a meya laranja, e se sobverteo o seu claustro, e a escada. Que o dos Francìscanos Descalços ficou inhabitavel. Que as Religiosas de S. Clara temendo a ruina total do seu Convento largaraõ a clausura havendo executado o mesmo os moradores daquella Cidade procurando, e tomando asylo nas casas mais pobres, e barracas dos seus quintaes, aonde formaraõ tendas de campanha para sua habitaçaõ. Que na _Costera de S. Filippe_, que consta de muitos povos, se submergiraõ inteiramente os dous chamados _Selent_, e _Forrente de Boil_, sem que atégora se possa saber certamente o numero das pessoas, que morreraõ nelles, ficando muito maltratados os mais circumvisinhos. Que na Villa de _Montesa_ distante duas leguas de _S. Filippe_, situada na falda de huma montanha, em cuja eminencia havia hum Castello forte, aonde estava a Real Casa, e sagrado Convento de N. S. de Montesa, e S. Jorge de Alfama, se experimentou o mayor estrago, arruinando-se o Castello, e sepultando tres pessoas, que se achavaõ na principal torre delle, e a Igreja, a tempo que o Prior dava a Communhaõ aos noviços, morrêraõ todos em numero de 21 pessoas, e livraraõ sómente cinco, que estavaõ alguma cousa distantes. Alli ficou sepultado o Archivo com os seus importantes papeis, e documentos da Religiaõ; as preciosas Reliquias, ornamentos, e vasos sagrados da Igreja, sendo o mais lamentavel naõ se ter ainda descuberto entre as ruinas as sagradas fórmas, nem a Custodia, ou ambula, em que estava exposto o Senhor ao tempo desta ruina: e á sua proporçaõ padeceo semelhante estrago o resto das mais officinas. Que nos Lugares de _Anna_, _Alcantara_, _Valada_, e outros povos distantes se sentio o mesmo estrago, destelhando-se algumas casas, e arruinando-se outras, porque apenas fica Templo, nem edificio seguro nelles. Que na Villa de _Enguera_ se arruinou a Igreja sepultando ao Cura, e mais tres pessoas, que estavaõ nella. Aqui se deve advertir hum raro effeito da Providencia divina, e he que tendo sahido pouco tempo antes da dita Villa para restituirse a Valença, o Procurador do Convento do Soccorro da Ordem de S. Agostinho montado em hum cavallo, e acompanhado de hum moço de pé, em distancia de hum quarto de legua vio abrirse a terra, e sobverterse o criado, e immediatamente succedeo o mesmo ao dito Religioso, que achando-se meyo enterrado, o arrojou o furacaõ a huma azenha immediata, da qual sahio sem acordo, e maltratado, e tornando logo a buscar o moço, e o cavallo, já naõ achou sinal de nenhum delles, nem ainda vestigios do sitio em que os tinha perdido, por cuja causa voltou a _Enguera_, aonde entrou prégando penitencia, e contando o successo a todo o povo, que se achava em igual afflicçaõ. Que da Villa de _Carcagente_ se sabe que a Igreja novamente fabricada se abrio, e tornou logo a unir, cahindo dentro nella a grimpa do campanario, e o seu Cura morreo de susto. Que de _Alcira_ se sabe terem padecido muito os Conventos de S. Agostinho, e S. Bernardo, e a Igreja de S. Maria, arrancando a estatua de S. Bernardo Martyr, que era de pedra, de extraordinaria grandeza, que estava sobre a ponte, estendendo-se este damno ás mais Villas, e Lugares da ribeira de _Xùcar_. Que no lugar de _Chella_ se abrio a Igreja de maneira, que entrou o Sol dentro nella, e tornando-se a unir, ficou (ao que parece) boa, ainda que alguma cousa arruinada; e que abrindo-se igualmente a terra pela parte do rio, que passa por este lugar, sorveo a agua, deixando-o seco. Que _Venisa_, _Xabea_, _Calpe_, _Denia_, e _Gandia_, que estaõ na costa do Mediterraneo, e Poente de Valença, sem embargo da sua grande distancia, as comprehendeo o mesmo infortunio. Que nas Villas de _Murviedro_, e _Castellon de la Plana_, que estaõ na mesma costa para a parte do Levante, se sentio o mesmo estrago: e a Igreja dos Dominicos se abrio de alto abaixo, e juntamente a escada do campanario, naõ sendo facil por agora averiguar, quãtas sejaõ as pessoas, que tem perecido, nem o que importará o grande damno daquelle afflicto Reino; mas sim que pelo seu Capitaõ General, e Arcebispo se tem dado toda a providencia para implorar a divina misericordia com preces publicas, expondo as imagens da sua devoçaõ, e patrocinio, concorrendo para o alivio dos necessitados com suas esmolas; porque todavia continuava o terremoto no dia 27 em alguns povos, especialmente em _S. Filippe, e Montesa_. Este he o horrendo castigo com que Deos N. S. punio os peccados destes povos; e queira o mesmo Senhor que os nossos naõ experimentem o mesmo castigo; porque a malicia dos homens faz justificada a sua vingança. FIM. Notas: [1] _Sigon. lib. 5. Imper. Occid._ [2] _Eutrop. lib. II._ [3] _Bonvisus, l. 6 cap. 15._ [4] _Paul. Diac. liv. 14._ [5] _Plin. l. 2._ [6] _Descrip. Vienna. Tab. 21._ [7] _Platina na vida deste Papa._ [8] _Sab. l. 6. Enn. 10._ [9] _Bonvis. lib. 6. cap. 15_ [10] _Robert. Ab. in Chron._ [11] _Paus. in Cor._ [12] _Diod. lib. 15._ [13] _Sab. l. 8. En. 4._ [14] _Sig. l. 17. Imper. Occid._ [15] _Strab. lib. 11_ [16] _Eutr op. lib. 10._ *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RELAÇÃO DO FORMIDAVEL, E LASTIMOSO TERREMOTO SUCCEDIDO NO REINO DE VALENÇA *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.